![]() Romano–Ward syndrome can be differentiated from other forms of long QT syndrome by Romano-Ward's sole involvement of the heart. Certain situations are more likely to precipitate arrhythmias such as exercise or mental stress in the LQT1 subtype, sudden loud noise in the LQT2 subtype, and during sleep or immediately upon waking in the LQT3 subtype. However, many of those with Romano–Ward syndrome will remain free from arrhythmias and therefore free from symptoms. Less dangerous arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation also occur, causing symptoms of heart racing or palpitations. These are typically a form of ventricular tachycardia known as Torsades de pointes which can cause faints, seizures, or even sudden death. Romano–Ward syndrome increases the risk of abnormal heart rhythms or arrhythmias. Romano–Ward syndrome is estimated to affect 1 in every 7,000 people. It may be treated using medications such as beta-blockers, an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, or surgery to disrupt the sympathetic nervous system. The condition is usually diagnosed using an electrocardiogram, but other tests sometimes used include Holter monitoring, exercise testing, and genetic testing. These abnormalities interfere with the electrical signals that heart cells use to coordinate contractions, causing the heart to take longer to recharge in between beats. Romano–Ward syndrome is caused by abnormal variants in the genes responsible for producing certain proteins used to transport charged particles ( ion channels) within the heart. Romano–Ward syndrome can be distinguished clinically from other forms of inherited LQTS as it affects only the electrical properties of the heart, while other forms of LQTS can also affect other parts of the body. Those affected are at risk of abnormal heart rhythms which can lead to fainting, seizures, or sudden death. Romano–Ward syndrome is the most common form of congenital Long QT syndrome (LQTS), a genetic heart condition that affects the electrical properties of heart muscle cells. Mutations in the KCNQ1, KCNH2, and SCN5A genes Schematic representation of normal ECG trace ( sinus rhythm), with waves, segments, and intervals labeled.
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